Suffix trees are the most frequently used data structures in algorithms on words. In this paper, we consider the depth of a compact suffix tree, also known as the PAT tree, under some simple probabilistic assumptions. For a biased memoryless source, we prove that the limiting distribution for the depth in a PAT tree is the same as the limiting distribution for the depth in a PATRICIA trie, even though the PATRICIA trie is constructed from statistically independent strings. As a result, we show that the limiting distribution for the depth in a PAT tree built over n suffixes is normal.

Patricia Crone’s views as a revisionist have profoundly influenced on Islamic studies, particularly on historical investigations of early Islam. Crone, influenced by the former critical studies, questioned the validity of traditional Islamic sources and sought to find the most important historical factors such as the collecting of Qur’an, Muhammad's life and the association of Islam with other religions based on non-Islamic tradition. Reviewing Crone’s sources and methods and inspecting her loyalty to the methods of critical study as well as the results of adopting this approach, shows that her reconstruction of the history of early Islam is based on sources and claims that their accuracy, originality and authenticity cannot be proven and therefore her views are historically in doubt.

Packet classification is a fundamental process in network processors. In this process, input packets are classified into distinct set of flows via matching against a set of filters. Software implementation of packet classification algorithms, though having lower cost and more scalability as compared with hardware implementations, are slower. In this paper, we use parallel processing capabilities of the graphical processors to accelerate Hierarchical-Trie packet classification algorithm and propose different scenarios based on the architecture of their global and shared memories. Results of implementing these scenarios, conforming computed time and memory complexities, show that the performance of the scenarios that divide the filter set into sub-trees, equal to/ smaller than the shared memory and copy them to it, is lower than that of a scenario which keeps the total data structure in the global memory. The performance of these scenarios increases by decreasing the number of sub-trees and duplicated filters. Moreover, a scenario that can keep hierarchical tree and corresponding filters in shared memory, without any partitioning, is the best scenario. The experimental results show that, on a same GPU, this scenario attains a throughput of approximately 2.1 times compared to the existing methods.

To explain the political and social situation of Iran before encountering the modern era, theories such as Oriental despotism, Oriental autocratic governments, or Sultanism, which is also known as the Eastern bureaucratic government, are generally used. In contrast, these theories seem to be more of an attempt to adapt history to theory rather than trying to shape the theory through historical materials and elements. In this article, while critiquing the shortcomings of the aforementioned theories, an attempt is made to address the inquiry posed by Patricia Crone in her book “Pre-Industrial Societies”. The framework she presented in her book and the evidence gleaned from other studies serve to answer the question of how the historical sociology of Iran came about and how the tensions between the state and society in pre-industrial Iran were shaped by the factors that influenced its formulation. Additionally, she explores the impact of this conflict on the Is, such as the Abbasid Revolution (SiahJamegan), "SepidJamegan” and "Ismailis” The selected hypothesis in this article is that the traditional governments have been unable to deal with these movements due to their thin and fragile nature, and even the small population movements could have occupied the central governments for years. Several examples of pre-industrial governments present in the history of Iranian civilization were examined in this research. The findings of this research show that pre-industrial governments as depicted by Crone are weak, and this weakness is evident in the results.

The entry of the "war" was written by "Patricia crone" in Leiden. T h e author, introduces and expresses the derivatives of the wars mentioned in the Quran. Subsequently, issues such as the justification of w a r, the moral status of war, and the motives behind specific verses such as "s e I f" and "j I z e h" has been explored. "Crone" seeks to dispel doubts by understanding the apparent meaning of these verses of the Quean and convey messages to this audience. In the following article, it has been attempted to interpret phonemes based on the interpretive texts and rational foundations of these challenges. In the course of the research, it is found that there is a significant correlation between the reviews with another set of Leiden articles by other scholars from which it is interpreted as "consonant". The key question is: what is the consistency of crone's views with other interpretative texts and various views. The results are indicative of a confluence of doubts in areas such as the militancy of the verses of war and ambiguity and the contradictions in this verses with the views of orientalist, which has led to crone's inappropriate comments.

This research is investigating one of the most common types of postmodernism fictions named metafiction. This kind of writing including self-referential and disclosure techniques not only exposes fiction but also explores the word out of context. Patricia Waugh emphasizes on this kind of writing with using methods and techniques that metafiction’ s writers used it to write a story about story. This paper is based on reviewing and criticizing a fictional work and it is written according to the library method. This research with scrutiny about metafiction’ s general characteristics like: centrality of language, Framework, The story as an artifact, parody and ontological Metafiction’ s nature, proceeding some writing techniques and methods that are hidden within this general componentchr('39')s. Then it criticizes Iranian metafictions. It has been concluded that the works that are described in the name of Metafiction in our country are far from the postmodernism’ s escape, and precisely based on predetermined criteria and parameters, and the artificial and mechanical aspects of these stories conflict with the normal nature of postmodernism.

Media and its influence on culture has been one of the issues considered by the thinkers of Frankfurt School. Their line of thinking and research based on the criticism of contemporary human situation from macro and micro aspects led to the expression of theories concerning the emergence and influence of capitalism. Through critical considerations, they developed a theory called culture indus try (Kulturindus trie) regarding the domination of capitalism in communications, culture and art. By analysis of culture in indus trial society, they reached the conclusion that mass media have led to the combination of art, philosophy and economy and turned the cultural values to a commodity. Moreover, in the s tudies of art from a critical point of view in Frankfurt School, two types of art are raised: original art and reproducible and consumer art. Graphic design as a reproducible art, in addition to having an aes thetic aspect, due to economic relations of contemporary capitalism has had a considerable share in the domain of media and promotion and expansion of capitalis t hegemony. It has es tablished its own place as an art in the domain of media within the economic sys tem. In the present s tudy the author has sought to s tudy the media role of graphic design as one of the mos t important factors of information and dissemination of social science in the context of culture indus try and at the same time to assay the artis tic aspects of this field.

Hash or B-Tree based composite indexes, are the two most commonly used techniques for searching and re-trieving data from memory. Although these techniques have a serious memory limitation, that restricts free-dom to search by any combination of single key/data attribute, that comprises the composite search key, the techniques are still accepted considering the trade o s with better performance on insert and update opera-tions. But when the data is semi-static, which does not change often, there is a need and scope for a better tech-nique that provides the exibility and freedom to e-ciently search by any possible key, without creating any composite index. This paper explains such algorithmic technique along with its data structures.